per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163524articleMohammad Ali Akhavianm.nekonam1373@gmail.com1Saiedeh Nekunams.nekonam@stu.qom.ac.ir2<p>Establishing a valid framework for the interaction of Islamic societies with non-Muslims, from both religious and legal perspectives, is a central focus of contemporary research. This study aims to elucidate the ethical-juridical foundations of this interaction within the Islamic intellectual framework by conducting a comparative analysis of the teachings of the Holy Quran and Article Fourteen of the Constitution. The innovative contribution of the research is the presentation of a tripartite ethical model of interaction, which outlines the gradual progression of this relationship from tolerance as the ethical foundation and primary duty, to justice and covenant fulfillment as the legal embodiment of ethics, and ultimately, only in the case of violating these principles, to legitimate defense as a conditional and just reaction. The findings indicate that the common axis of the Quran and the Constitution is prioritizing the ethical action of tolerance and justice in facing the 'other' and conditioning any confrontation upon an objective violation of a covenant. This model has the potential to become a framework for domestic policymaking and guiding the public diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53286Quran Article Fourteen of the Constitution Non-Muslims Tolerance Justice Defensive Jihad.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-031632549articlehormoz asadikohbadAsadi.koohbad@gmail.com1<p>One of the most important topics in the basics of science is the impact that knowledge has on other sciences; Morality is the science of a set of characteristics that with special methods; Man should be adorned with them or refrain from them, since the humanity of man is to beautify and adorn himself with them, therefore this science has a high place among human knowledge and dealing with it is one of the undeniable necessities that all human schools have to They admit that; From this process, sciences and occupations have become "superior" to achieve their goals, and scientific ethics, professional ethics, medical ethics, etc. have emerged, the science of law in the theoretical foundations and construction of rules and in the implementation stage It is morally dependent.This article has investigated this issue in an analytical and descriptive way and has reached these results: that ethics and law both have a common goal and goal with distinction in subject and territory, because both are for the order and moderation of individual and social life, with the difference that The science of ethics seeks to institutionalize traits that achieve inner justice by adorning virtues and abandoning vices, and laws with special rules and guarantees of special executions, give these two precious gems "justice and order" in the outside world; Therefore, legal systems are influenced and originated from moral rules.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53287Moral rules legal rules order justice ethics law.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-031635176articlealireza bekdelialireza.bekdeli@iau.ac.ir1ali bigdelialibigdeli.hist@yahoo.com2majedreza .rajabimajedreza.rajabi@yahoo.com3teaching aassistantsupervisorsadvisor<p>The emergence of a new civilization and its expansion through colonialism forced modernization and modernism on eastern societies, including Iran, but instead of establishing a new civilization, forced modernization led to duality and civilizational eclecticism. It was not possible to fix this shortcoming except by voluntary renewal and its full receipt. The transmission of the new civilization would not be possible without a certain practical and theoretical model and plan. On the other hand, Naser al-Din Shah himself did not have a clear mental image and understanding of the totality of Western civilization, and his modernist actions did not start based on a definite plan in thought and action, and his goal was mostly to achieve instrumental and apparent modernity. What is of interest in this article is what factors prevented the realization of modernism in Nasrid Iran? The findings of the research, which were gathered by descriptive and analytical methods and based on library sources, indicate that following the deterioration of culture and political thought in Iran, the modern thought in the relationship that was based on it, with the traditional thought&ndash;which became more and more rigid with the passage of time, was in conflict, neglect of endogenous factors, delay and legitimacy of tyranny, poverty, illiteracy and general helplessness, conflict of interests of dominant and intervening countries in The fate of the country, with the modernization and development of Iran, prevented the realization of modernization in this period.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53288Modernity Nasser-al-Din Shah mirzaMal kam Sepahsalar despotism.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-031637797articleDiba Jafarid_jafari@sbu.ac.ir1<p>The ethic of care, as a feminist theory of ethics, began its life in the 20th century. Eva Feder Kittay, one of the main theoreticians of the theory, considers "being born of a mother" and "the experience of pure dependence" to be the common point of all human beings and describes care as having the necessary characteristics to consider it as work. This point of view set aside the liberal concept of work based on the relationship of ownership and production capability and presents another concept of work by emphasizing the mutual relationships of people, the fragility of the human kind and the nested dependencies of humans. By applying the concept of " Doulia ", he considers the government to be committed to providing and taking care of the caregivers. In this research, regarding the use of the term "maternal job" in Article 10 of women's employment policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the legislator's approach to women's care, using library resources and descriptive-analytical methods, has been considered.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53289care care theory of ethics Eva Feder Kittay working women maternal work.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-0316399120articleNeda Heydari moghadamnedahm58@gmail.com1Ahmad Fatemifatemi.ahmad51@gmail.com2Mohammad ali Kafaeifarma.kafaeifar@gmail.com3PhD student, Department of Public International Law, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Public International Law, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Public International Law, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran.<p>In international legal systems, arbitration is one of the most significant methods for resolving disputes in trade and investment. Commercial arbitration and investment arbitration share fundamental principles such as impartiality, fair trial, and binding decisions, yet they differ significantly in terms of dispute scope, party composition, and governing rules. Commercial arbitration occurs between private parties and corporations, offering greater flexibility, whereas investment arbitration, due to the involvement of states, is influenced by international treaties and sovereign considerations. Procedural justice remains a crucial challenge in both types of arbitration. Issues such as arbitrator selection, transparency, the conflict between confidentiality and public access, and potential misuse of arbitration mechanisms impact the legitimacy of the system. The findings of this study indicate that institutional and structural differences between the two arbitration systems affect the implementation of procedural justice, and balancing investor protection with state sovereignty remains a persistent challenge. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, conducts a comparative analysis of these two arbitration frameworks and their impact on procedural justice and ethical considerations.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53290International Arbitration Commercial Arbitration Investment Arbitration Procedural Justice Ethical Considerations. per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163121136articleGhazal Tehrani ghazaltehrani44@gmail.com1GhorbanPour AmirMahdi ghorbanpoor@gmail.com2PhD student, Department of Private Law, Edalet University, Tehran, Iran.<p>The process of divesting state-owned enterprises is among the most significant economic policies adopted in many countries, particularly as part of efforts toward privatization and enhancing economic efficiency. However, the success of this process is largely contingent upon the effectiveness of the regulatory framework governing it. This study examines the oversight mechanisms applied to the amendment of the statutes of state-owned enterprises during the divestiture period and analyzes the associated legal and administrative challenges. The findings reveal that state-owned companies face critical issues in this transitional phase, including lack of transparency in asset valuation, political interference, weak enforcement of oversight laws, and the absence of efficient accountability structures. In some cases, the absence of an independent supervisory body, separate from the executive authority, has resulted in opaque ownership transfers, increased corruption, and diminished economic performance. This study emphasizes that a combination of effective governmental oversight, information transparency, the involvement of independent institutions and civil society, and strict legal enforcement can help prevent such challenges. Finally, the research offers policy recommendations to improve the regulatory system during the privatization process, including the establishment of independent supervisory bodies, the formulation of clearer laws for asset valuation and transfer, and the strengthening of audit and accountability mechanisms. These findings may assist policymakers and decision-makers in reforming and optimizing the privatization process and its oversight.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53291Privatization State-owned enterprises Statutory amendment Regulatory oversight Transparency Accountability Legal reform.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163137158articleFatemeh Azimifatemeh.azimi1392@yahoo.com1mohammad mirzaeimd92.mirzaei@gmail.com2Shardad Darabishahrdad.darabi@iau.ir3<p>Criminal policymaking is always vulnerable to the use of quick and dramatic solutions to respond to insecurity and social crises. The &ldquo;scapegoat&rdquo; theory, as a well-known model in criminology, explains how power institutions in crisis situations, by focusing on an individual or group as the &ldquo;cause&rdquo; of problems, while diverting minds from the main roots of the problems, create false security and temporary unity around a hypothetical enemy. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach, examines the scapegoat theory in criminology and its correlation with the ethical principles governing criminal and penal policymaking in Islam. Its aim is to analyze the ethical challenges arising from the application of the scapegoat theory in the three central dimensions of criminal policymaking (legislation, judgment, and enforcement). The findings of the research show that the application of this theory in all three dimensions of criminal policymaking faces fundamental ethical challenges: in the legislative dimension, it leads to the adoption of discriminatory, hasty, and showy laws that violate the principles of justice, the generality of the law, and the negation of surveillance In the judicial dimension, it subjects judgment to social and political pressures and distorts the principles of impartiality of the judge, the principle of innocence, and the principle of rejecting the limits with suspicion In the executive dimension, it removes punishment from the goal of reform and rehabilitation and turns it into a tool for humiliation and a display of power that violates human dignity even when the limits are applied. From the perspective of Islamic ethics, this approach is in complete conflict with the penal philosophy of Islam, which is based on the principles of justice (Indeed, Allah commands justice), mercy (And We have not sent you except as a mercy to the worlds), and the realization of the five interests of the Sharia (preservation of religion, soul, intellect, offspring, and wealth). The ultimate result of such a policy is the decline of public trust in judicial institutions, deviation from identifying the root causes of crime, and ultimately, the destruction of the legitimacy of the ruling system.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53292Ethical challenges scapegoat theory penal policymaking judicial justice.  per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163159180articleMohsen Karamimohsenkarami@iribu.ac.ir1Sama Esfandyarisamaesfandiari92@gmail.com2IRIB University<p>This study, employing No&euml;l Carroll's moralist approach, examines the potential of the film A Separation in serving moral life by contributing to four prerequisites of ethical living: moral knowledge, moral understanding, moral experience, and moral skills. Through its multi-dimensional characters and realistic narrative, the film provides the audience with propositional moral knowledge about the conflict of values and the precedence of the ethics of compassion over the ethics of justice. Furthermore, it enhances the audience&rsquo;s moral understanding by highlighting value conflicts and analyzing their consequences, as well as through the concrete portrayal of characters adhering to different moral systems. In addition, by creating complex emotional situations and enabling empathy with its characters, the film offers valuable moral experiences to the audience. Finally, by persistently engaging the audience in moral judgment throughout the film and providing conditions for calibrating their emotions in critical moments, it cultivates their judgmental and emotional management skills. In light of the foregoing, this research demonstrates that A Separation, utilizing cinematic storytelling tools, brings morality from the realm of abstraction into the tangible world of everyday life, creating a platform for the audience's moral growth. Thus, by presenting an example of narrative films with such capability, it can be argued that narrative cinema inherently possesses the potential to contribute to moral life.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53293A Separation fictional film moral life Noël Carroll.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163181199articlesayyedali kamalisayyedali.kamali@gmail.com1Amir Momeni Hezaveham.hezaveh@znu.ac.ir2qorban valyiqorban.valy@gmail.com3Ph.D. student of Persian Language and Literature at Zanjan University.Associate Professor of the Department of Persian Language and Literature, Zanjan University.<p>Moral thoughts and educational teachings are one of the characteristics that have given special lyric to literary works. The book "Sindbad Nameh" is one of these valuable works that was decorated with technical prose by "Zahiri Samarqandi" in the sixth century AH and in it, moral and educational teachings are referred to by bringing allegorical stories. And it contains a treasure of virtues and wisdom. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the text of the book using an inductive method and, by analyzing the moral themes of the book Sindbad Nameh, the virtues and vices mentioned in this book are described and defined according to reliable scientific sources. By examining the text of the book - which is the statistical population of this study - it can be concluded that virtues have a relative advantage over vices, and this can be rooted in the importance of virtues in Iranian society and the author's attention to virtues and values. However, "justice and fairness" and "intelligence and prudence" are among the virtues, and "adultery (sexual lust)" and "cunning and deceit" are among the vices with a high frequency.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53294Sindbadnameh ethics moral virtues and vices deceit and adultery justice and policy.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163201223article Fatemeh sadat Mousavi2120256977@iau.ir1Mashallah Heidarpourmashallah.heidarpour@iau.ac2Mohammad ali Kafaeifarma.kafaeifar@gmail.com3Department of Public International Law, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.Department of International Relations, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, IranAssistant Professor, Department of Public International Law, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran.<p>One of the challenges of human rights that always persists in various forms is the unequal rights of women compared to men. On the other hand, with the process of globalization, effective measures to eliminate inequalities in women's rights in developing countries have gained strength. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of globalization of human rights on reforming the system of protection of women in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. Also, using the descriptive-documentary research method, the study of international conventions and treaties related to women's rights and their impact on the status of women's rights in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf was examined. Subsequently, the main question of this article is how the status of the reform of the system of protection of women's rights in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf can be analyzed and evaluated in light of the development and expansion of international human rights in the era of globalization? On the other hand, it is assumed that the status of the system of protection of women's rights in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, despite the relative dominance of traditional culture, violence and discrimination in the form of measures such as paying attention to eliminating relative discrimination, accepting the right to vote, economic enjoyment and international supervision, can be analyzed and evaluated in light of the development and expansion of human rights in the era of globalization. According to the findings of the research, the human rights system has established various conventions and treaties with the focus on eliminating discrimination, promoting the social and political status of women, and controlling men's violence against women. The development of executive strategies and the creation of executive guarantees have improved the status of women in the Arab Gulf countries in terms of educational status, employment, political seats, and social participation, and with the formation of the global system, the status of women has changed greatly in the last three decades. The results showed that the formation of international conventions and global support for women's rights has led to an increase in the status of education, training, employment, civil liberties, and even political participation of women in the Gulf countries compared to previous decades. Although changes in the field of women have not yet been fully achieved, this will be fully realized with the continuation of international support and the formation of unions and domestic movements by women.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53295women's rights human rights Arab Gulf countries globalization.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163225238articleMohaddeseh Mirzapour valamimohaddeseh.mirzapour.valamy@gmail.com1Mohammad ali Kafaeifarma.kafaeifar@gmail.com2PhD student, Department of Public Law, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Public International Law, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran.<p>With the expansion of societies and the global community since the 1970s, environmental issues and their consequences have gained increasing attention and importance. Governments have focused on environmental pollution, lifestyles that threaten the environment, public health, and, consequently, migration and the rise of social and security concerns. This has led to a more serious and demanding approach to the organizational and structural management of the environment. At certain times, neglect and lack of accountability by governments, as well as insufficient follow-up by government representatives, have caused numerous problems in the environmental sector, revealing weaknesses and a lack of responsiveness. This situation has prompted national and international organizations to emphasize the scope of governmental authority in environmental matters&mdash;especially regarding the issuance of permits, which has become essential due to the need for economic development, population growth, and consumption patterns. The goal has been to preserve a healthy environment while eliminating the factors contributing to its destruction, along with addressing legal and administrative inefficiencies. Accordingly, this study explores the scope of governmental authority in environmental domains, with a focus on the issuance of permits.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53296Environment Permit Issuance Governmental Authority Constitution Development.per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی ایران)2383-32792383-32792026-03163239252articleMohammadAli Nazari Sarmazehma.nazari@sku.ac.ir1<p>Mulla Mohammad Momin Dehkordi is one of the scholars of the 13th lunar century who, by authoring various works, played an important role in promoting the culture and education of Ahl al-Bayt, but no action has been taken to introduce and revive his works. The writer has identified two important works of his; One is the treatise "Translation of Salwa" in jurisprudence and the other is "Iqaaz al-Ghafilin" in ethics, which is the subject of the present study, and it is compiled in four chapters with deep moral content based on verses and traditions in condemning this world and studying the hereafter. In this research, the materials were collected in a library and evaluated with the descriptive method and content analysis, and the conclusion was reached that the treatise in question is a work with rich moral content, and the author presents moral teachings based on religious sources in the direction of The development and promotion of individual and social ethics has taken an effective step.</p>http://akhlagh.saminatech.ir/Article/53297Muhammad Momin Iqaz al-ghaflin Ethics Virtue Hereafter.