apartheid; An example of violation of the rule of prohibition of discrimination. Focusing on moral values and looking at the Palestinian issue
Subject Areas : Ethics and Islamic Education
Fatemeh
Beigi Mirazizi
1
(دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه)
Sattar
Azizi
2
(دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان)
Farid
Azad Bakht
3
(دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه)
Mohammad Javad
Jafari
4
(دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه)
Keywords: discrimination, apartheid, war crime, Palestine.,
Abstract :
Discrimination is known as an international crime, the prohibition of which is a mandatory rule in international law and is a necessity in order to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms and guarantee his dignity and even in some cases to maintain international peace and security. Therefore, the principle of prohibition of discrimination has a prominent role in the international human rights system. The Geneva Quadrilateral Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977 contain provisions that expressly prohibit "adverse discrimination" against persons affected by armed conflict and occupation, and require equal treatment between certain categories of persons, such as the sick, and this is the first step in considering Making apartheid a war crime. After this first step, the human suffering caused by the political ideology of apartheid in South Africa during 1948 to 1994, which drew global condemnation and a variety of diplomatic and legal responses, led to the adoption of the Apartheid Convention in 1973 as a crime against humanity. And also, war crime became the first in Article 85 (4) (c) of the Additional Protocol. These international reactions did not stop even after the end of the apartheid era, and in 1998, apartheid was included as an example of war crime in the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Furthermore, paragraph 1 of Article 86 AP I, which obliges parties to suppress serious violations of the Protocol, ensures that apartheid is included as a war crime in the domestic criminal laws of many countries, and the destruction of apartheid in South Africa will not change this. In fact, it is the increasing (but debatable)use of the term apartheid in laws that makes Israel's actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territories(OPT)cause or even increase individual criminal prosecution in this context. In other words, although the inclusion of the Apartheid Convention on Israel's actions faces challenges, there are no such restrictions regarding the provisions of API.
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نوع مقاله: پژوهشی
صفحات 46 – 27
آپارتاید؛ مصداق نقض قاعده منع تبعیض. با محوریت توجه به ارزش های اخلاقی و نگاه به مسأله فلسطین
فاطمه بیگی میرعزیزی1
ستار عزیزی 2
فرید آزاد بخت 3
محمدجواد جعفری4
چکیده
تبعیض به عنوان جنایتی بینالمللی شناخته شده است که منع آن به عنوان یک قاعده آمره در حقوق بین الملل یک ضرورت به منظور حمایت ازحقوق و آزادیهای اساسی انسان و تضمین کرامت وی و حتی در مواردی حفظ صلح و امنیت بین المللی میباشد. بنابراین اصل منع تبعیض از شأن و نقش برجستهای در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر برخوردار است. کنوانسیونهای چهارگانه ژنو 1949 و پروتکلهای الحاقی 1977 شامل مقرراتی است که صراحتاً «تمایز نامطلوب» را علیه افراد متأثر از مخاصمات مسلحانه و اشغال را ممنوع میکند و رفتار برابر بین دستههای خاصی از افراد، مانند بیماران، را ایجاب مینماید و این گام نخست در تلقی نمودن آپارتاید بهعنوان جنایت جنگی است. پس از این گام نخست، درد و رنج انسانی ناشی از ایدئولوژی سیاسی آپارتاید در آفریقای جنوبی در طی سالهای 1948 تا 1994، که محکومیت جهانی و انواع واکنشهای دیپلماتیک و حقوقی را در بر داشت منجر به تصویب کنوانسیون آپارتاید در سال 1973 بهعنوان جنایت علیه بشریت و همچنین جنایت جنگی در ماده 85 (4) (ج) پروتکل الحاقی اول شد.این واکنشهای بینالمللی حتی با پایان یافتن دوران آپارتاید نیز متوقف نشد و در سال 1998 آپارتاید بهعنوان مصداق جنایت جنگی در اساسنامه دادگاه کیفری بینالمللی (ICC) گنجانده شد. علاوهبراین، بند 1 ماده 86 AP I، که طرفین را ملزم به سرکوب نقض شدید پروتکل میکند، تضمین مینماید که آپارتاید بهعنوان جنایت جنگی در قوانین کیفری داخلی بسیاری از کشورها گنجانده شود و نابودی آپارتاید در آفریقای جنوبی باعث تغییر در این مسأله نخواهد شد. در حقیقت، همین کاربرد روز افزون (اما موردبحث) واژه آپارتاید در قوانین است که عملکرد اسرائیل در سرزمینهای اشغالی فلسطین (OPT) را باعث تعقیب کیفری فردی در این زمینه مینماید و یا حتی آنرا افزایش میدهد. بهعبارت دیگر، اگرچه شمول کنوانسیون آپارتاید بر اقدامات اسرائیل با چالشهایی مواجه است اما درخصوص مقررات AP I چنین محدودیتهایی دیده نمیشود.
واژگان کلیدی
[1] . دانشجویدکتریحقوق بینالملل عمومی، دانشکده حقوق،واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
[2] . استاد حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول)
Email: s.azizi@basu.ac.ir
[3] . استادیار، دانشکده حقوق، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
[4] . استادیار، دانشکده حقوق، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت: 24/1/1402 پذیرش نهایی: 27/4/1402