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      • Open Access Article

        1 - moral challenge and responsibility of caspian"s oil and gas unilateral usage
        Soheil  Asgharzadeh Abdul Karim  Shahidar
        After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran faced with new neighbors in this region; the neighbors who actually had no intention to adhere to their previous country’s commitments and this issue is important in ethic and international rules aspects. However, the exploit More
        After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran faced with new neighbors in this region; the neighbors who actually had no intention to adhere to their previous country’s commitments and this issue is important in ethic and international rules aspects. However, the exploitation of the seabed and under seabed reserves of the Caspian Sea has been among the unsolved problems yet. Furthermore, no agreement has been made about sharing such resources in the recent convention in Aktau. Despite considering Caspian as a sea or lake, the principles of international law like procedures of the countries and the principles of the international trials and doctrines do not confirm any unilateral use of gas and oil resources of this sea by the countries; on the other hand, the mentioned convention emphasizes the requirement of making a separate agreement about the seabed and under seabed resources of this sea which also suggests the requirement of making a comprehensive agreement among these countries. Nevertheless, what is actually observed is the exploitation of these resources by all countries bordering the Caspian Sea without considering the benefits of the other countries. In this regard, Iran has the most passive position. It is obvious that the countries in the Caspian border shall determine their objectives by applying the principles of international law and new geopolitical changes and make a comprehensive agreement about oil and gas resources. Before considering this significant affair, a comprehensive use of these resources is not allowed based on the international law and will arise international liability that is affected from universal ethics. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Role of custom and ethics in the financial rights of couples and its effect on crime prevention
        Leila  Radpasand Farhad  Parvin
        After the correct marriage and marital relations between the parties, various rights and duties are established, including financial rights between the spouses. Couples' financial rights are one of the most important parts of civil law, which is intertwined with customa More
        After the correct marriage and marital relations between the parties, various rights and duties are established, including financial rights between the spouses. Couples' financial rights are one of the most important parts of civil law, which is intertwined with customary and moral issues and is an important factor in crime prevention. Therefore, ignoring the role of custom and ethics in the rights of couples causes fundamental challenges in society. The purpose of writing this article is to explain the position of custom and ethics in some financial rights of couples, such as dowry, dowry and alimony from the perspective of Iranian law, Islamic religions and official religions in a descriptive analytical method; Explaining the limits of custom and introducing it, we will finally realize that although custom and ethics in the Iranian legal system, mainly in cases of text silence, have a complementary and interpretive role; But it has a role to play, and in many cases it is used practically in jurisprudence and law. Also, the role of custom in the Sunnah of Tabdan is Hadd, that what is considered acceptable in the custom is also considered acceptable in the sight of God. The role of custom in the rights of minorities (Jewish, Zoroastrian and Christian) is also undeniable according to their own religious customs and traditions, and is a source of rights. Adherence to ethical rules in the realm of the family plays a very decisive role in ensuring the rights of men and women all over the world; Because in many cases, the rights and obligations that couples assume towards each other have no legal obligation and are done solely on the basis of moral considerations. Manuscript profile