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      • Open Access Article

        1 - An analysis of the continuity of elements of ancient political writing in the Qajar
        soudabeh dastitork soheyla torabifarsani naser jadidi
        Although political works have been written in the field of politics and political reflection in Iran and Islam with the aim of recommending appropriate behavior in political life and influencing the political behavior of power-holders, they also address ethical and soci More
        Although political works have been written in the field of politics and political reflection in Iran and Islam with the aim of recommending appropriate behavior in political life and influencing the political behavior of power-holders, they also address ethical and social issues. . At the heart of the discussions of political scribes is the presentation of the framework of the ruling power, its maintenance and reform. The guidelines have based their interpretations and justifications on principles such as the coherence of religion and politics, justice, ethics and religion, the experiences of ancestors, and wisdom and wisdom. The purpose of the guidelines is to show how to "gain power" and "maintain power". Political guidelines address how the political system works and how factors affect the production and distribution of political power. The findings of this study showed that the main purpose of Qajar periodicals is to find practical solutions for the removal of the country and the slavery that they generally regard as deplorable. From this point of view, the Qajar era's instructions differ greatly from those of the predecessors. One of the reasons why the Qajar-era prophets have been included in the scripts is that many of them, like the texts of the ancients, are the first person in the country. The most important aspects of continuity in Qajar policy are topics such as justice, focus on the king's power, the law, the relation of the king and the slave (people), and the relation of religion and politics. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Cultural behavioral characteristics and social developments of Makarians from the Naseri period to the end of the first Pahlavi period
        Ahmad choopanialton Gholamhossein   Zargarinejad Reza  Shabani Samaghabadi
        The present research describes in a descriptive-analytical way the cultural characteristics of the behavior and social developments of the Makarians from the Naseri era to the end of the first Pahlavi period. The main question is, what are the changes in the cultural, b More
        The present research describes in a descriptive-analytical way the cultural characteristics of the behavior and social developments of the Makarians from the Naseri era to the end of the first Pahlavi period. The main question is, what are the changes in the cultural, behavioral characteristics and social developments of Makarians in the mentioned period? The results and findings show that this region is influenced by the periods of political order in Iran, the structure of the political system and the mixed patterns of the nation from the social, geographical and geopolitical perspectives. They interact with each other, and with the passage of time, they find similarities in certain tendencies, and the Kurdish community in Makrian was not an exception to this rule, and its residents observed specific values and norms. Among the Makrians, there was a kind of group feeling in the sense of a moral sense that originated from ethnic and cultural homogeneity, and these moral and cultural feelings in the Makrians and at the local level and among the population living in this area sometimes lead to unity or Sometimes a group feeling was formed between the Makri Kurds and the Turks of Qarapapak against the central government, because they were alternately looted by the governments. The structure of lord-serf, religious-religious and ethnic-national culture was at the top of the pyramid of this society, and based on that, ethnic, local, family, tribal, tribal, and religious-ideological loyalties took on a more exclusive form in the heart of such a conflict situation. And the contrast was evident. Manuscript profile